The illustration of Marriner S. Eccles Federal Reserve Board Building in Washington, D.C.

Federal Reserve

Doves and Hawks

What U.S. Fed policymakers are saying about interest rates

Overall breakdown of current Fed members
Dove
Dovish
Centrist
Hawkish
Hawk

Federal Reserve policymakers held short-term borrowing costs steady at Kevin Warsh’s first meeting as chair, on June 16-17. Half of Warsh’s colleagues, though, feel at least one rate hike will be needed before year end. Warsh declined to provide his own rate-path view, but he emphasized the need to regain price stability, called monetary policy restrictive for the housing market but no other part of the economy, and said he feels the jobs data is moving in a good direction. He therefore debuts in this chart as “hawkish.”

Here is a look at Fed officials’ recent comments, sorting them under the labels “dove” and “hawk” as shorthand for their monetary policy leanings. A dove is more focused on risks to the labor market and may be inclined to cut rates, while a hawk is more focused on the threat of inflation and may be more open to rate hikes.

DOVE
DOVISH
CENTRIST
HAWKISH
HAWK
Michelle Bowman
Fed Vice Chair of Supervision
Permanent Voter
Jerome Powell
Governor
Permanent Voter
John Williams
New York Fed President
Permanent Voter
Philip Jefferson
Vice Chair
Permanent Voter
Michael Barr
Governor
Permanent Voter
Chris Waller
Governor
Permanent Voter
Anna Paulson
Philadelphia Fed President
2026 Voter
Mary Daly
San Francisco Fed President
2027 Voter
Kevin Warsh
Chairman
Permanent Voter
Lisa Cook
Governor
Permanent Voter
Thomas Barkin
Richmond Fed President
2027 Voter
Alberto Musalem
St. Louis Fed President
2028 Voter
Neel Kashkari
Minneapolis Fed President
2026 Voter
Lorie Logan
Dallas Fed President
2026 Voter
Beth Hammack
Cleveland Fed President
2026 Voter
Austan Goolsbee
Chicago Fed President
2027 Voter
Susan Collins
Boston Fed President
2028 Voter
Jeffrey Schmid
Kansas City Fed President
2028 Voter

Note

The current policy rate target range is 3.50%-3.75%. The median of Fed policymaker projections in June was for just shy of a quarter-of-a-percentage point hike by the end of 2026. Warsh did not submit a rate-path projection. Nine policymakers felt one or more quarter-point rate hikes would be needed by year end; eight expected no change to the policy rate through the end of 2026; and one indicated a quarter-point rate cut would be appropriate.

Sources and voting rotation

The Fed’s seven governors are nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate. Each votes at every Federal Open Market Committee meeting, held eight times a year. All 12 regional Fed presidents discuss and debate monetary policy at the meetings, but only five cast votes, including the New York Fed president and four others who vote for one year at a time on a rotating schedule. Fed bank presidents are picked by the directors of their own regional banks, subject to approval by the Fed Board. The Atlanta Fed is seeking a new president after Raphael Bostic retired in February.

Header background photo by

Dado Ruvic